Secondhand Market Survey (France, 2026)

First pass at real used-listing price ranges, not aggregate depreciation stats. Pulled from listing-aggregator summaries (La Centrale, AutoScout24, L'Argus Occasion, LeBonCoin, Le Parking) via search — not individually verified per-listing, so treat as ballpark for shortlisting. Same caveat as the other research files: mostly SEO/blog aggregation, not raw marketplace data pulls.

Market context: average used-EV price in France fell below €20k in H2 2025 (~€19,990 at Q2 2025), driven by end-of-lease returns pushing supply up; typical used-EV mileage is 30,000-90,000km. Decote up to 50% over 3 years on some models (consistent with the depreciation note in 02-model-tco-survey.md).

Tesla Model 3 — the headline "check secondhand even though not buying new" candidate

Wide spread by year/version/mileage. Rough bands (Tesla-Mag analysis, cross-checked against La Centrale's ~€32k-48k typical-listing range):

Battery/condition notes: >15% capacity loss under 100,000km is the flag threshold; pre-Oct-2020 cars lack a heat pump and lose 35-40% winter range vs. 20-25% for equipped cars; 8yr/160,000km battery warranty transfers to a new owner; HW2.5 (2017-19) cars can't run current FSD/Autopilot software — irrelevant for FSD but check if any driver-assist features matter.

Read on this: an early-2020s Model 3 (2021-22, 50-90k km, Propulsion/SR+) at ~€20-28k lands well inside the mainstream-new-car price band from 03-price-range-sketch.html while likely beating everything on that chart for range/charging speed — worth putting on the frontier once feature weights exist.

On the price-vs-mileage chart (06): Tesla points there are band midpoints from the table above, not real listings (e.g. "2021 Propulsion, 50-90k km, €19-25k" plots at 70,000km/€22,000) — treat the frontier's shape as directional, not exact. The other 12 points on that chart are real listings or sourced examples, gathered to close the gap after the budget end was found to be missing. Result: the frontier collapses to just two points, BYD Dolphin Surf and Dacia Spring — nothing else beats the Spring's price at any mileage. Same story as the new-car frontier: see 12-weighted-quality-score-notes.md for why that's a problem, not a result to trust.

Tesla Model Y — the other "look even though above new-car budget" candidate

• Broad 2026 used range: €28,000-33,000 depending on mileage — about €20k under a new one.
• Tesla-Mag breakdown: Propulsion 2022 (40-80k km) €27-33k · Propulsion 2023 (20-50k km) €31-38k · Juniper facelift 2024 (<25k km) €36-43k · Grande Autonomie AWD 2022 €33-40k · 2023 €37-44k · Juniper GA 2024 (<20k km) €42-49k · Performance 2022-23 €38-47k.
• Same battery-warranty transfer (4-5 years typically left on the 8yr/192,000km warranty for a 2-3yr-old car) and free lifetime software updates as Model 3.

Other used candidates surveyed

• Peugeot e-208: wide range €18,000-35,000; very-low-mileage nearly-new cars (2026 reg, <10,000km) cluster €24-31k — barely a discount off new (€21,950 new-price baseline from the TCO survey), consistent with the survey's note that e-208 holds value unusually well (~62% at 3yrs). Now a genuine top pick, not just a "buy new" footnote — 5-star Euro NCAP (see below), the best resale in this survey, and a real used market.
• BYD Dolphin Surf: Active 30kWh from €19,990/220km WLTP, Boost 43.2kWh from €24,490/322km. 5-star Euro NCAP, best-in-class for the segment (see below) — but bonus écologique eligibility is currently in transition (still largely China-built as of most of 2026; becomes eligible once Hungary production ramps up from Q2 2026). Confirm build origin/eligibility before assuming the incentive applies. First real secondhand example found (2026-08-12): a dealer listing (SIPA Automobiles, Mérignac) — 2025 Active 30kWh/88ch, 100km, "Occasion récente," €19,990, LOA from €169/mo. Priced exactly at the Active trim's new starting price, not below it — this is pre-registered dealer stock (immatriculée then resold, likely to hit a manufacturer/incentive quota), not a discounted used car. Its value is immediate availability without a factory-order wait, not a price cut.
• Renault Mégane E-Tech: e.g. a 2022 EV60 220 (57,202km) listed at €15,990 (vs. ~€17,600 original) — steep discount for a mid-size EV, worth a closer look.
• Renault Zoe (older/smaller, budget end): €9,500-19,500 depending on year/mileage; phase 2 (52kWh battery) 2020-22 cars run €14-19k. Caveat: some Zoes were sold with a battery-lease subscription rather than owned battery — verify this before valuing a listing, since a leased-battery car needs an extra monthly line-item and a battery-owned equivalent is worth €2-3k more. Now also ruled out for family use on safety — see below.
• Nissan Leaf: €11,500-22,500 for 2019-2024 cars; 40kWh (~220km real range) or 62kWh (~340km) packs. Passive (not liquid-cooled) battery thermal management — flagged risk for repeated DC fast-charging/highway use ("Rapidgate"), less of an issue for round-town driving. Best-in-class safety score of anything surveyed — see below; now the leading budget/family pick on that basis.
• Hyundai Kona Electric: used examples from ~€13,000; a 2022 facelifted car with ~40,000km around €20,000 — well under the €35-36.9k new starting price in the TCO survey.
• VW ID.3: now a Track B (not budget) candidate — full data added. New: the "Neo" refresh runs €34,990 (Trend, 170ch/50kWh, 417km WLTP) to €48,100 (Style, 231ch/79kWh, ~629km WLTP), on sale from April 2026. Secondhand: €17,790-39,990 — same pattern as e-208, near-new 2025-26 cars with <6,500km cluster at €34,490-39,990, barely under new. 5-star Euro NCAP (87% adult, 89% child, 71% VRU, 88% safety assist) — though that's the original 2020 ID.3 test; the 2026 "Neo" refresh doesn't appear to have been separately retested, so treat as likely-representative rather than confirmed. Fast charging up to 183kW on the 79kWh pack, 10-80% in ~25-29min — among the fastest-charging cars in this whole project, genuinely relevant for a family car doing longer trips, not just the school run.
• BYD Atto 3: €24,990-36,990 used — not much room under new (€37,990-39,990), consistent with BYD being too new to France to show real depreciation yet (same point made about the Dolphin Surf in 02-model-tco-survey.md).
• Dacia Spring: from €6,500 used — cheapest entry point by far, consistent with new-price being the lowest surveyed (€16,900). Ruled out for family use on safety — see below.
• Fiat 500e: a real, well-populated secondhand market — €13,990-18,350 for 2023 cars with 5,000-35,000km, vs. a steep €28,900-37,900 new-price range (new prices rose sharply for the current generation). This is one of the widest new-vs-used gaps surveyed. Solid safety score (see below) — the #2 budget/family pick after the Leaf, worth checking rear-seat/ISOFIX practicality given it's a smaller car.

Too new to have a real secondhand market yet: Renault Twingo E-Tech (launched 2024-2025) and Citroën ë-C3 still return essentially no used listings — for now these are new-only options. BYD Dolphin Surf now has at least one real dealer listing (above), but at new-car price — treat it as "available sooner," not "available cheaper," until a genuine discounted secondhand market shows up. Worth re-checking in 6-12 months as lease returns and early buyers start reselling.

Safety (Euro NCAP) — a late but decisive factor for a family/school-run car, and one correction

Not checked until price had already narrowed the budget shortlist — but it turned out to matter more than price for this use case, and reshuffled the list twice (once when first checked, again on a closer look at the ë-C3):

Correction: an earlier pass on this file wrongly applied a "0 stars adult / 1 star child" Global NCAP rating to the ë-C3. That rating is for the India/emerging-market-spec eC3 — a different, cheaper platform tested by Global NCAP, not Euro NCAP. Global NCAP's own reporting on this explicitly notes the European ë-C3 is a "heavily modified" different platform with 6 airbags and ADAS the India-spec car lacks. No Euro NCAP rating for the actual France-market ë-C3 turned up in this search — treat its safety as genuinely unrated, not as a known 0-star car. Worth resolving before ruling it out or in.

Practical effect on the budget/family shortlist: Dacia Spring and Renault Zoe are out on safety despite attractive prices — a 0-1 star rating means real, tested weaknesses in occupant protection, not a rounding-error gap from 4-5 stars. Three genuine 5-star options now exist: Nissan Leaf (secondhand, best price-to-safety), BYD Dolphin Surf (new, best-in-class safety score, but see the incentive-eligibility note in 09/index.md — currently transitioning from Chinese to Hungarian production, which is what determines bonus écologique eligibility), and Peugeot e-208 (secondhand or new — now a real contender, not just a "buy new" footnote, given 5-star safety plus the best resale value surveyed). Full side-by-side: 10-budget-ev-shortlist-comparison.md.

Sources: Euro NCAP — Nissan Leaf · Euro NCAP — BYD Dolphin Surf · Euro NCAP — Peugeot 208 · InsideEVs — Fiat 500e 4-star rating · Euro NCAP — Fiat 500e · MotorBeam — Dacia Spring 1-star rating · Euro NCAP — Dacia Spring · Global NCAP — ë-C3/eC3 zero-star rating is for the India-spec car · Autocar — Renault Zoe zero-star rating · autoevolution — Renault Twingo E-Tech, untested/expected 4-star

What this changes for the frontier

• The Tesla pair (Model 3, Model Y) secondhand undercuts several new premium/mainstream cars on the price-range chart while likely beating them on range and charging speed — they need a place on the frontier even though neither is a new-car candidate.
• Budget-segment used cars (Zoe, Leaf, Dacia Spring) go well under €20k, undercutting even the cheapest new budget EVs — but carry real caveats (battery lease status, thermal management, older safety tech) that a range-only frontier would miss entirely.
• e-208 and Atto 3 barely discount off new — for these, buying new (with tax incentives factored in) may beat buying "used" that's really nearly-new-at-a-small-discount.

Still needed

• Individual listing-level data (not just aggregate ranges) for the actual frontier — ideally scrape/sample 5-10 real listings per model at a target mileage band (e.g. ~40-60k km, 2-3 years old) rather than relying on aggregator summaries.
• Battery SOH (State of Health) figures where sellers disclose them — flagged as the single biggest resale-value driver in the TCO survey.
• Confirm Zoe/older-EV battery-lease-vs-owned status before treating any Zoe listing price as comparable to an owned-battery car.

Caveat: as with the other research files, these figures are aggregator/SEO summaries, not a raw pull from La Centrale/LeBonCoin/AutoScout24 — verify against live listings before treating any number here as a real quote.

Sources: Tesla-Mag (Model 3 & Model Y used pricing) · La Centrale (Model 3 occasion) · fplusd.org (Model 3 La Centrale price filters) · La Centrale (Model Y occasion) · L'Argus Occasion (Model Y) · CapCar (Tesla occasion guide) · AutoUncle (e-208 cote) · Le Parking (Mégane E-Tech occasion) · Bayrou92 (Zoe occasion guide) · Bayrou92 (Leaf occasion guide) · Automobile Propre (Kona Electric occasion) · BYmyCAR (ID.3 occasion) · BYmyCAR (Atto 3 prix) · CapCar (top 10 EV occasion <15k) · Caradisiac (marché occasion 2026) · AutoUncle (500e cote occasion) · euromotor.fr (500e prix neuf 2026) · ggpauto.fr (Twingo occasion — no E-Tech listings found) · L'Argus (ë-C3 pricing — no occasion listings found) · euromotor.fr (ID.3 Neo 2026 prix/autonomie) · Euro NCAP — Volkswagen ID.3 · La Centrale (ID.3 near-new occasion) · Vivacar (ID.3 occasion from €17,790)